Taxonomic survey of the genera Euophrys , Pseudeuophrys and Talavera , with description of Euochin gen . n . ( Araneae : Salticidae ) and with proposals of a new research protocol * 1

The paper presents comparison of main diagnostic characters of all recognizable species of genera Euophrys C.L. Koch, 1834, Pseudeuophrys Dahl, 1912 and Talavera Peckham & Peckham, 1909, also delimiting new genus Euochin from China. All that purports to illustrate the current state of classification suggests progress and improvements. Discussed postulates include adding color macrophotograps of live specimens to the routine tools of research, and routine use of precisely documented palps and internal structures of epigyne. Implementation of the above will require change of research protocol of all Salticidae, the conclusions drawn are applicable to studies of other families of spiders. New taxa described. Gen. Euochin gen. n. Subgroup of genera EUOPHRYEAE new. Nomenclatorical corrections documented Euophrys monadnock: Edwards, 1980: 12 (S, in part). = Euophrys nearctica Kaston, 1938c (removal from synonymy, documented Figs 12B-C with E, as well as relevant facsimiles Figs 32-33). Icius hamatus (C. L. Koch, 1846) (one of synonyms reinstated, female only) = Euophrys altera (Simon, 1868). Euophrys talassica Logunov, 1997 = Pseudeuophrys talassica (Logunov, 1997) comb. n., Euophrys vittata Caporiacco, 1935 reinstated from "nomen dubium" to "pending revision" status. Talavera petrensis (C. L. Koch, 1837) = Euophrys petrensis C. L. Koch, 1837 (reinstated original combination). Overdue nomenclatorical corrections: Ballognatha typica Caporiacco, 1935 nomen dubium, 1 Present paper constitutes partial publication of sections of the Internet "Monograph of Salticidae (Araneae) of the World 1995-2016", parts I & II by Prószyński (2016a, b), available at: http://www.peckhamia.com/salticidae/Subfamilies/ and http://www.peckhamia.com/salticidae/ respectively. Contribution of authors: J. Prószyński – text and selection of illustrations, J. Lissner and M. Schäfer provided majority of photographs. Ecologica Montenegrina 18: 26-74 (2018) This journal is available online at: www.biotaxa.org/em


Introduction
This paper purports to survey diagnostic characters of 55 species of Euophrys C.L. Koch, 1834, 9 species of Pseudeuophrys Dahl, 1912, 14 species of Talavera Peckham & Peckham, 1909 and delimits new genus Euochin gen.n. from China, containing 4 species.All these species were once considered as Euophrys and are superficially similar, but differs distinctly by genitalic characters.These are minute to small jumping spiders (2 to 5 mm body length, rarely up to 7 mm), ground dwellers (with preferences for forest litter and mosses), often unnoticeable in their environment because of cryptic dorsal coloration.The only vividly colored parts of their bodies are faces of males, together with palps and frontal surfaces of legs, visible from the perspective of encountered spiders: mates and competitors.These colors are well visible on live specimens, but dull and unnoticeable when preserved in alcohol.Their distributional center is Palaearctic Region, with distinct preference for its warmer parts, while single species migrated to North America.Euophrys has also a number of species living in Africa.
The knowledge of these spiders is scanty and insufficient, in part due to difficulty in identification, relating to particularly quick loosing of their natural coloration by specimens submerged in alcohol, to similarity of their palps, differing by indistinct characters, to similarity of external epigyne, and finally to reluctance of arachnologists to use the only distinct difference -internal structures of epigyne (which require making temporary microscopic slides -actually simple and easy procedure).
New, promising method are documentation of appearance of live specimens by color macrophotographs (see [23][24]26), which coincides with interests of amateur photographers, but require parallel documentation of palps and internal structure of epigyne to correlate habitus appearance with genitalic identification (at least for new taxa and for first specimens of studied series).That may require collecting specimens alive for later photographing in laboratory, or home, and later preservation for complementary test of genitalic characters (at least that should be done for first specimens of series observed, and for new species).For the first time handling and storage of large number of photographs will be easy, owing to electronic technology.

Material and Methods
The paper follows methodology of Pragmatic Classification, proposed by Prószyński (2016a, 2017b andsubsequent papers).Summary of diagnostic data of such prolific genus as Euophrys, and other related, are based on data available in literature, as well as on personal experience of the authors.The digestion of information concentrates on diagnostic characters found previously to be the most representative (palps, epigyne, spermathecae and ducts) in a survey of over 4800 recognizable species of Salticidae (http://www.peckhamia.com/salticidae/Subfamilies/),complemented now with macro photographs of live specimens accessible nowadays.A small sample test of value of used characters is presented on Fig. 7.

Conclusion on reliable diagnostic characters in Salticidae
Comparative research on 4800 recognizable species (Prószyński (2016a)) permits to select the following, most reliable diagnostic characters in Salticidae.
-general body outlook, memorized usually by arachnologists, is useful to classify local genera but can be misleading in cases of little known faunae of distant continents (Fig. 4); -macrophotographs of color pattern (especially frontal view in males) is sensitive recognition mark for separating species within a genus (8)(9)(10).

Suprageneric classification
Informal supragroup of genera EUOPHRYOIDA (sensu Prószyński, 2016aPrószyński, , 2017b: 67: 67) is a preliminary organizational hypothesis referring to mutual morphological properties of large informal groups of genera (= subfamilies) AELURILLINES, BALLINES, BELIPPINES, COLONINES, DENDRYPHANTINES, DIOLENINES, EUODENINES, EUOPHRYINES, HISPONINES, LIGONIPEINES, MYRMARACHNINES, THIRATOSCIRTINES.These groups are characterized by possession of embolus sitting atop inflatable distal haematodocha and usually twisted into a curl, a coil, a spring or, at least, encircling bulbus as a loose loop (as in MYRMARACHNINES, in which, however, presence of distal haematodocha require confirmation).Embolus, in spite of its usually thin appearance, is a composite structure consisting of external sheath hiding internal hair-like embolus proper (this is proved in a few cases, in majority awaits confirmation).The whole concept is in fact rather abstractive hypothesis, but suggesting alternative direction of searching for relationships.
Informal group of genera EUOPHRYINES (sensu Prószyński, 2016aPrószyński, , 2017b) is a taxonomic unit including, at present, some 821 to 1000 species (according to various classificatory divisions), divided into 129 genera and based on visible, checkable morphological structures."Groups of genera" serve as informal substitutes for unworkable "subfamilies", used in modern literature with so many various meanings (variable contents of genera) that become meaningless.
Informal subgroup of genera EUOPHRYEAE (sensu Prószyński) -revived now unit of limited number of genera having similar, easily noticeable features, used originally, in somewhat different sense, by Simon (1901Simon ( -1903)).Because of assumed informal character (demonstrated by being written in capital letters), this unit will disregard variety of chaotic 3 * previous interpretations (various composition of genera) and of paperwork on nomenclatorical priorities.It is intended to facilitate identification of genera and navigation among them (see description below), more genera can be introduced gradually with growing knowledge of morphology and biology of included genera 4 .

Subgroup of genera EUOPHRYDEAE (sensu Prószyński)*
Reference species (= type species): Euophrys frontalis (Walckenaer, 1802) (selected also as a type genus of the informal superg-group EUOPHRYINES (= subfamily Euophryineae, = tribe Euophryini), where serves as a good model of all included spiders, useful for comparison with remaining groups of Salticidae.
Etymology.The name is derived from Simon's (1901Simon's ( -1903) ) group Evophrydeae 5 , which contained Euophrys and two other unrelated genera, it was also used for defining subfamily Euophryineae, listed now in Pragmatic Classification of Prószyński (2016aPrószyński ( , 2017b) ) as informal group of genera EUOPHRYINES.
3 Delimitation of formal taxa of all ranks in Salticidae is hampered by their variable usage in the past, with various meanings and contents of genera.An additional "nomenclatorical obstacle course" is paper work on synonyms of each name, their priorities and etc., for which I have no time and taste.To be free from all that, I invented my own informal and temporary grouping (groups, supragroups and subgroups of genera -all "sensu Prószyński"), having only the meaning I have assigned to them.To distinguish them from formal groups used by other authors, the names are written with capital letters. 4Good demonstration of importance of new outlook of genera is example of the Australian Maratus volans (O.Pickard-Cambridge, 1874) and Mediterranean Saitis barbipes (Simon, 1868).Their species were placed by Simon (1901Simon ( -1903: 517, 558-565) : 517, 558-565) in his group Saiteae, together with seven irrelevant and unrelated genera, by uninspiring character: "labium not longer than its width... sternum short ... broadly truncate", with disregard of behavioral importance of their courtship dance and of exquisite colorful abdomen of Maratus (although known to Simon).It took discovery of dancing routine of over 80 species of Maratus by J. Otto, compared with dancing Saitis, documented in videos, to realize the diagnostic significance of lifting and waving third legs, adapted for semaphore signalization, which is applied now for redefinition of subgroup SAITEAE (Prószyński, Noordam, Oger & Schäfer M. (2018in press)).
5 According to Simon's interpretation group Evophrydeae (= Euophrydeae) is placed directly within "unidentati" Salticidae (EUOPHRYINES were not delimited yet) and is characterized by the following chain of hierarchically arranged characters: "... 2) Posterior margin of the cephalothorax and the pedicel invisible from above, covered by the abdomen.All coxae on both sides contiguous; ... 6) Inferior margin of the chelicerae with a strong conical tooth; ... 10) Tibia and patella of the third pair of legs longer (or at least not shorter [!]) than the tibia and patella of the fourth pair of legs; ... 18) Small eyes of the second row midway (or nearly) between the anterior and posterior laterals, ...   Diagnosis.Specific identification of males (after ascertaining conformity of palps) can be best done by frontal color pattern (orbital scales around eyes I, clypeal scales, anterior surfaces of chelicerae, as well as pigmentation and scales on palps, and legs I-II (Figs 1, 4A-C, E, G-J, 5-7).Specific identification of females by details of thin and gently bent ducts (in some species making distally a loop or knot) as well as by ball shaped spermathecae, and by location of copulatory opening correlated with superficial thickenings of white "windows" membrane.
Description.Small spiders (length of body in majority of species between 3-4 mm, rarely up to 7 mm long), usually with cryptic dorsal coloration, males differing by color of clypeal scales 6 *, arranged into transverse 6 Dr. D. E. Hill, an author of excellent paper on scales in Salticidae (1979) has sent me the following lucid explanation on usage of terms "scales", "setae" and "hairs"."Since "setae" is just the Latin word for "hairs" I use this as a general term for all of these structures that emerge through sockets in the cuticle.Scales (or "scalae" in neoLatin or scientific Latin) are just one type of setae, those that bend after emerging from the socket to lie along the surface.I also suspect that scales lack sensory neurons at the base.I like your term "orbital scales" as this is very descriptive of the specialized scales that commonly surround salticid eyes.Similar terms like "clypeal scales" are also very descriptive.If they are not scales, then I would just call them setae (like clypeal setae).If they are really stout I call these "spines."There are one to several of these between the AME of Thorelliola and Maratus, for example.Other descriptors, like long scales, short scales, flattened scales, pigmented scales, or iridescent scales, are also useful.Of course there is stripe across clypeus, or just covering the whole clypeus, as well as orbital scales encircling eyes I, also black appearance of legs I-II, usually terminated by white tarsus (Figs 1, 5-7 and 18C), however, note repetition of that pattern in unrelated genera .
Palps.Relatively uniform within Euophrys, are characterized by single coil of embolus (a curl), in resting position located anterolaterally in front of tegulum, with diameter equal to about one half of width of bulbus (Fig. 1F, 3F and other).There are two translucent loops of spermophor (out of complicated knot deeper in bulbus), the anterior 3/4 complete, of the posterior one only half of a bent is visible, they are separated by a tightly compressed remnants of a loop, opening retrolaterally.The width of spermophor loops vary, but seldom exceed mid-line of the bulbus.The shape of bulbus is elongate oval, unusually with posterior third distinctly narrower.Palps shown on Figs 11-12, 13A-C, 14B, 15B-C, E-F are relatively uniform.Tibial apophysis in this genus is generally thin, almost setae-like and difficult to notice, in some cases are not marked on drawings, possibly missing.
Epigyne, external view.Partially hidden among dense setae on ventral surface of abdomen, its tegument is whitish and contains a pair of membranous "window" in its anterior half, with posterior half dark due to translucent dark, sclerotized spermathecae (Fig. 1K, 8D, 11C).Proportions of white and dark areas, their comparative length and width are diagnostic characters, but unfortunately differences between species are not striking.There are no distinct limits of "window" and their separating divider is often indistinct, the surface of "windows" has indistinct thickening, oval, or broadly spiral shaped (these may be of diagnostic value.More useful character is provided by translucent internal structures, but these are only partially visible without clearing and staining. Internal structures of epigyne -spermathecae and ducts.Although visible as translucent in natural appearance of epigyne, these can be studied precisely only after clearing of epigyne of soft tissues, preferably stained and mounted in a temporary slide7 * These structures are most important characters confirming identification of a genus, and separating some species.Spermathecae in Euophrys are sclerotized, ball shaped, and are extended anteriorly by broad, gradually narrowing ducts having the same thickness of the walls (Figs 1, 11D), anteriorly bent, coiled or even twisted into a knot (Figs 1L-M, 3M, 7, 8D, 11D, F, G, I, L, M, 12C, D-L).In some species ducts may be thinner and rather attached to than looking just as extension of sclerotized spermathecae, (somewhat intermediate to these in genus Talavera) but are still not membranous (Figs 12F, G, L, 13C).Relative shape of ducts of Euophrys petrensis is presented differently in various papers, usually as very thin, Talavera-like (Fig. 2N) but in SEM photograph looks much broader (Fig. 3E compare Fig. 22B).Structure and shape of ducts is so different in E. subtilis (Fig. 16H) and E. falciger (Fig. 13J) that their classification is uncertain.Interesting variation of ducts, twisted loose spring like, is visible in E. terrestris (Fig. 16J).Ducts shown on Figs 13F, G, 14A are looking still different, and those on Figs 14D, E even more.Interpretations of all these differences require more research.
nothing like a photograph.Once preserved, one can still dry a specimen and determine the iridescent color, but of course pigments are lost in alcohol.If I can't see a bend at the base of a seta, and it is not flattened or compressed, I just call it a seta.Generally the scales of salticids point in the direction in which the old cuticle is pulled off during a molt, but their are exceptions.for example, the orientation of scales on the dorsal opisthosomal plate (scute) of adult male Maratus can be quite variable." General appearance.Standard documentation of general appearance of a salticid should become macrophotographs of live specimen, showing animal in three views (dorsal, frontal and lateral), with photographs of preserved specimen as additional, documentation for Museum bound researchers.Stress on macrophotographs may be troublesome, but scientific result will be worth of that.Deep change of color pattern takes place during preservation in alcohol -the deterioration of colors may be slow, taking years in some genera, but very rapid and tremendous in other, including Euophrys, when the animal become unrecognizable within minutes[!] after submerging specimen in alcohol (compare photos of live Euophrys -Figs 4-9 with photos of specimens preserved in alcohol -Fig.10, see also FOOTNOTE 7 (page 44) on Euophrys pseudogambosa below).Although drawings and photographs of preserved specimens do not convey their true outlook, they are still valuable partial documentation.Producing photographs of live Euophrys is difficult for a laboratory bound taxonomist, but somehow it should be done for demonstration of true properties of described species.The recognition markings are located on parts of body visible to other spiders, on level of their vision, that is on face (orbital and clypeal scales, pigmentation and scales pattern on chelicerae, palps and legs I and II).Natural coloration is unchanged in spiders preserved dry, like insects, but these specimens become shrunken.The remedy would be routine photographing of collected specimens before preservation.Also white setae become transparent in alcohol and disappear (compare Figs 1A-B with D) (simple solution may be temporary drying up of specimens taken out from alcohol -an operation practiced routinely in XIX century, for instance by E. Simon and W. Kulczyński).
Testing relative value of diagnostic characters -is demonstrated on Fig. 7 -it conforms superiority of internal structure of epigyne and frontal color pattern in males, while palps seem to be too uniform to separate species.Note that color pattern is not correlated with genitalic characters (Fig. 7): red or yellow stripe on clypeus in males does not correlate with epigyne of their respective females, while palps of respective males do not show noticeable differences.Several males with red clypeus differ, however, by colors of palps, bunches of setae on palps and by color of orbital scales.Apparently single characters are insufficient to separate displayed species, a number of characters should be considered.
Remarks.This paper accepts (somewhat tentatively) 55 species of Euophrys as recognizable (that is having diagnostic drawings of genitals, at least for one sex), another 21 "Euophrys" are pending re-classification, unrecognizable species are not included.Catalogue of whereabouts of 114 nominal species and types of "Evophrys" (including Pseudeuophrys and Talavera) in collections is given by Prószyński (1971Prószyński ( : 404-408, data repeated in 2016b)).
Distribution.Euophrys is distributed in Palaearctics and Africa, with 2 species penetrating North America.Reports on occurrence in South and Central America (http://www.peckhamia.com/salticidae/salticidae.php) are apparently based on misidentifications (Fig. 17).

Euophrys nearctica
E. nearctica is a valid species, for which Kaston has provided good description (facsimile Fig. 33) with good drawings of epigyne and general appearance (Fig. 12E), clearly different from that of E. monadnock (Fig. 12B-C).The type specimen of E. nearctica, kept in collection of the MCZ-Harvard, was revised by Prószyński and compared with E. monadnock.An attempt to synonymize this species with E. monadnock in 1980 was merely one line opinion (see Peckhamia (1980) 2(1): 12) (Fig. 32) devoid of any documentation, incompetent and erroneous, so it seem strange that it was accepted by the Catalog.It would be interesting to check relationship of E. nearctica with its Palaearctic congeners (note similarity of epigyne in E. pseudogambosa), but the state of knowledge of relevant species does not permit that.

Remarks.
Color macrophotographs and drawings disclose diversity of Israeli E. pseudogambosa, indicating possibly separate species status.Live E. pseudogambosa A from Givat Ram, studied in 1988 by Prószyński (Figs 18A), had ventral surfaces of femora I-II red, abdomen dorsally blackish brown, characters changing8 * in alcohol speedily, in a few minutes, from black to light dotted black (Fig. 18A), beginning right from the moment of spider dying in alcohol.Photograph of E. pseudogambosa B (Fig. 18C) by Amir Weinstein of specimen observed in the Haifa area show femora I-II entirely black (which confirms drawing of leg I by Logunov (Fig. 18B)).The diversity in this species in Israel corroborates observations of diversity in many other species, being presumably result of rapid proliferation of Salticidae in warm climate of that geographical area.Unfortunately such observations are rarely documented, due to rarity, as yet, of macrophotographic documentation.(Simon, 1868) is studied in a parallel paper (Prószyński, Noordam, Oger & Schäfer (2018in press)) and transferred to a new genus of its own.Caporiacco, 1935 (Fig. 17O) Euophrys vittata Caporiacco, 1935b: 202, pl. 5, f. 3 (j, Karakorum) Wanless (1975: 132) called attention that status of this species, described on an immature specimen, is uncertain -which World Spider Catalog worded more categorically as "nomen dubium".However, the species has type specimen preserved in the Museo Civico di Storia Maturale, Milano, Italy (Prószyński 1971: 408), and Caporiacco provided an unmistakable diagnostic character in his drawing f. 3 (Fig. 17O) -thin, white median line running along abdomen.Such line is not common among Salticidae of Central Asia -it can appear in genera Phlegra, Pellenes, Attulus or Heliophanus -recognizable by body shape and proportions, even in immature specimens.I am not sure whether dismissing the species off hand in such situation is appropriate.I would rather consider it as "pending revision".Therefore:
Remarks.Excellent color macrophotographs and drawings, provided by the original authors , perfectly illustrate features of species transferred here to the newly delimited genus Euochin, as well as their differences with rich diversity of all recognizable species of Euophrys (Figs 1-18) and type species of related genera.Original descriptions of these China living species provides additional help to taxonomist able to read Chinese descriptions.
Diagnosis.Main diagnostic character of this genus are oval shape of spermathecae, elongate along their longitudinal axes, and shape and position of their short and straight ducts, arising antero-medially from spermathecae (Figs 19C,G), their features reflects on superficial appearance of their epigyne.Palps confront to genera type of these parts in EUOPHRYINES, with coil of embolus somewhat wider than in Euophrys and their center somewhat deeper.There is a dense layer of longer white setae in proximal half of dorsal surface of cymbium and distal edge of palpal tibia (Figs 19B, F, 20A-C).General appearance of body -with average proportions and cryptic coloration does not display any particular diagnostic characters (Figs 19A,  E), frontal view of males is not documented.Placement of E. poloi in this genus requires more consideration.

Placement of Pseudeuophrys and Talavera
Revival of informal subgroup of genera SAITEAE* (see Prószyński, Noordam, Oger & Schäfer (2018in press) prompted search for an opposite subgroup and that led to delimitation of a subgroup named EUOPHRYDEAE9 (see below), consisting now, at beginning, of genera Euophrys and Euochin.Since both Pseudeuophrys and Talavera were classified as Euophrys until the mid XXth century, due to similarities in appearance and environment, there arise question whether both genera could not be included to EUOPHRYDEAE too.The documentation relevant to that question is shown in Fig. 22, for more complete documentation of both genera see  B), these of Euophrys being broader and more robust.However in Pseudeuophrys spermathecae are oval, with some partial constriction and are variously oriented: longitudinally, transversally or obliquely, ducts runs transversally, along the rim of windows, with opening located at the rim, in two species ducts are running longitudinally (Figs 22C).
Palps in Euophrys and Pseudeuophrys are comparable, although basal coil of embolus is either hidden in the groove in bulbus or behind it (Figs 22D,F).
Palps in Talavera are surprising by lack of meandering spermophor and not coiled embolus (Figs 22E,, as such they do not fit EUOPHRYINES and should be placed elsewhere in other Salticidae (by typical arrangement of eyes).But where?Of the other hand there is possibility that they lost these typical character states at the later stage of evolution -but how to confirm that?Cork-screw driver like embolus in T. aequipes and T. trivittata (Fig. 27G, J) could be interpreted as vestige of the coil-like state.And, on otherhand, spermathecae and ducts in Talavera nicely resemble Euophrys.Disentangling these doubts and hypotheses require apparently more research.General appearance.All three genera are small size jumping spiders (body length 2-5, rarely 7 mm) on average, body shape is proportional, dorsal coloration cryptic and dull.Anterior surfaces of male legs I are intensively black and serve, apparently, as recognition character during courtship performance in Euophrys (Figs 1C-C2) and some Pseudeuophrys.Striking recognition characters are color scales on frontal views of the body in Euophrys and in some Pseudeuophrys, including clypeal stripes, orbital scales (around eyes) and on dorsal surface of cymbium, as well as bunches of long white setae on palps.Pseudeuophrys has some dorsal pattern of white or light scales on abdomen and carapace (Figs 23,24).Talavera has uniform light, sparse scales on dark background (Figs 26), with slightly different orbital scales, it seems that its clypeus is lower and there are no clypeal color stripes, but the number of photographed species is too small (3 only!) to generalize color pattern.
The results of the above comparisons are inconclusive and accordingly classification should be delayed, until results of further comparative studies, including more genera, will become available.So the answer to the question whether Pseudeuophrys and Talavera could be included into subgroup EUOPHRYDEAE, together with Euophrys, is provisionally negative.

Diagnosis.
Resembling Euophrys (see above), from which differs by coil of embolus hidden behind anterior edge of bulbus, with only tip of embolus protruding, or by higher anterior part of the embolus coil, which makes central space, inside of embolus coil, looking depressed within coil of embolus (Figs 22F,25).Spermathecae elongate oval, or bean shaped, often slightly constricted, with copulatory ducts relatively broad, running transversally, but in P. iwatensis anterior-ward (Figs 25B1) (in Euophrys and Talavera spermathecae are ball shaped, with ducts distinctly thinner, running anteriorly (Figs 22C1,27B,H,L,28,29).
Description.Small spiders of average body shape, recognizable by coloration , by palps and internal structure of epigyne (Figs 22,25, see also -http://www.peckhamia.com/salticidae/q10-Pseudeuo.html).In difference to Euophrys, dorsal color pattern in males is richer and consists of white scales contrasting with background of brown or blackish scales (with reddish or golden hue).White scales on abdomen may be either concentrated into pairs of small spots, or discrete short white lines dorso-marginally (Figs 23A-D), they may also form less dense white assemblages along median abdominal streak (consisting of diamonds and bars), on eye field and on dorsal surface of thorax (Figs 23E-H).Comparable patterns occur in females (Fig. 24).After color scales are rub off, bald, black, tegument is left.Frontal color pattern is comparable with Euophrys, but less flamboyant (compare Figs 23 with those on Fig. 4G-J), in females even more subdued (Fig. 24).K, N-P), P. talassica (Logunov, 1997) -comb.n., (Fig. 25F), P. vafra (Blackwall, 1867) (Figs 22C, F,  23E-F, 24D, 25G, L-M).9 species.Catalogue of Pseudeuophrys (as Euophrys) specimens kept in major collection of the world is given by Prószyński (1971: 404-408).

Species deserving some comments
Pseudeuophrys talassica (Logunov, 1997 (comb. n.) Pseudeuophrys talassica (Logunov, 1997) -embolar region and a shape of bulbus, as well as dorsal pattern differs significantly from that in Euophrys, resembling closely Pseudeuophrys (Figs 25F with 25E), therefore it seems reasonable to change that placement.That conclusion will be confirmed when macrophotographs of live male become available, and when internal structure of epigyne will be known, after collecting of matching female.Therefore:   Diagnosis.Resembling Euophrys (see above), from which differs by not coiled embolus (Figs 22C,(27)(28)(29).Spermathecae ball shaped, with extremely thin, thread like copulatory ducts running anterior-ward .Body squat (Fig. 26) and very small (about 2-3 mm), color pattern uniform with spaced and thin light scales sitting on uniform dark tegument.
Remarks.Technically Talavera disagrees with the most important, cornerstone character of the group of genera EUOPHRYINES -that is have no coiled embolus, instead it has almost straight embolus (often strongly reduced in size -see series of SEM photographs by Logunov and Kronestedt, 2003, shown here at Figs 27, 28, 29).Because other diagnostic characters agree (ball shaped spermathecae with delicate ducts, membranous "windows" in epigyne) and embolus is sitting atop inflatable haematodocha (Figs 29N-P) Talavera is considered atypical EUOPHRYINES with modified embolus.
Description.Very small spiders (about 2-3 mm) of average body shape, shown on Fig. 26, palps and internal structure of epigyne shown on Figs 27-29.Color pattern is unique and consist of uniform, spaced small scales distributed uniformly over dark body (Fig. 26).
Remarks.Whereabouts of specimens of Talavera specimens kept in major collection of the world is given by Prószyński (1971: 404-408) (labeled as Euophrys) 10 .

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.New protocol of macrophotographic diagnostic documentation by Arnaud Henrard, here on example of live Euophrys frontalis.It includes three views of both male (A-C) and female (H-I) specimens, two position of palps (F-G) and two views of epigyne (K-L), with some additional views (E, M-N), D -demonstrates disappearance of white setae and hairs in alcohol (compare live specimen at A), J -demonstrates changes of color pattern caused by preservation in alcohol.SOURCES: All photos by ©Aranud Henrard, with exception for H -provided by ©Michael Schäfer.All ©copyrights are retained by the original authors and copyright holders, used by their courtesy.

Figures
Figures 1-18 Type species.Euophrys frontalis(Walckenaer, 1802).Documentation studied.Literature data including both published and unpublished documentation, as well as experience of original research of the author carried out since 1954.
Figs 23-29, illustrations for genus Euophrys can be consulted on Figs 4-17.Comparison of characters shown on above mentioned plates does not give unequivocal answer to that question, there are similarities and at the same time there are differences, their interpretation is unclear.. Spermathecae are ball shaped in Euophrys and Talavera, with ducts running ahead, towards the center of each "window" (Figs 22A-