Review of genera Evarcha and Nigorella , with comments on Emertonius , Padilothorax , Stagetillus , and description of five new genera and two new species ( Araneae : Salticidae ) 1 *

The publication contains review of the genera of jumping spiders: Emertonius, Evarcha, Nigorella, Padilothorax, Stagetillus, and delimits five more new genera, provides graphic documentation for species considered recognizable and adds description of four new species. The taxonomic procedures are carried out according to methodology of "pragmatic classification", which stresses importance of graphic diagnostic characters presented in a comparative way (see also review at “Methodological postulates” subchapter). Some new procedures are introduced, testing their acceptability. The following new genera* are delimited and described in this paper: Evarcha Simon, 1889 s. s. (a part of Evarcha s. l.), Evacin Prószyński, 2017 gen. n., Evalba Prószyński, 2017 gen. n., Evaneg Prószyński, 2017 gen. n., Evawes Prószyński, 2017 gen. n., Padillothorus gen. n. Genus Emertonius Peckham & Peckham, 1892, misinterpreted twice by the WSC Editors, is reinstated again, with full diagnostic documentation repeated. The following new species are described in this paper Emertonius koomeni sp. n., Evacin besar sp. n., Evaneg aegiptiaca Prószyński, 2017 sp. n ."Emertonius" palawanensis sp. n. New synonyms documented. Evarcha acuta Wesolowska, 2006 = Evacin acuta (Wesolowska, 2006), comb. n., Evarcha bulbosa Zabka, 1985 = Evacin bulbosa (Zabka, 1985), comb. n., Evarcha cancellata Simon, 1902 = Evacin cancellata (Simon, 1902), comb. n., Evarcha flagellaris Haddad & Wesolowska, 2011= Evacin flagellaris (Haddad & Wesolowska, 2011), Evarcha flavocincta (C. L. Koch, 1846) = Evacin flavocincta (C. L. Koch, 1846) comb. n., Evarcha heteropogon Simon, 1903 = Evacin heteropogon Simon, 1903, comb. n., Evarcha infrastriata (Keyserling, 1881) = Evacin infrastriata (Keyserling, 1881), comb. n., Evarcha karas Wesolowska, 2011 = Evarcha karas (Wesolowska, 2011), comb. n., Evarcha kirghisica Rakov, 1997 = Evacin kirghisica (Rakov, 1997), comb. n., Evarcha kochi Simon, 1902 = Evacin kochi Simon, 1902 comb. n., Evarcha nigrifrons (Koch C.L., 1846) = Evacin nigrifrons (Koch C.L., 1846), comb. n., Evarcha optabilis Fox, 1937 = Evacin optabilis (Fox, 1937), comb. n., Evarcha pococki Zabka, 1985 = Evacin pococki (Zabka 1985), comb. n., Evarcha pulchella Thorell, 1895 = Evacin pulchella (Thorell, 1895), comb. n., Evarcha pseudopococki Peng X., Xie L. & Kim, 1993 = Evacin pseudopococki (Peng X., Xie L. & Kim, 1993), comb. n., Evarcha reiskindi Berry, Beatty, Proszynski, 1996 = Evacin reiskindi (Berry, Beatty, Proszynski, 1996), comb. n., Evarcha simoni[s] (Thorell, 1892)= Evacin simonis (Thorell, 1892), comb. n., Evarcha striolata Wesołowska & Haddad, 2009 = Evacin striolata (Wesołowska & Haddad, 2009), comb. n., Evarcha vitosa Próchniewicz, 1989 = Evacin vitosa (Próchniewicz, 1989), comb. n. Evarcha albaria (L. Koch, 1878) = Evalba albaria (L. Koch, 1878), comb. n., Evarcha coreana Seo, 1988 = Evalba coreana (Seo, 1988), comb. n., Evarcha fasciata Seo, 1992 = Evalba fasciata (Seo, 1988), comb. n., Evarcha paralbaria Song & Chai, 1992 = 1 Present paper constitutes partial publication of sections of the Internet "Monograph of Salticidae (Araneae) of the World 19952016", parts I & II by Prószyński (2016a, b), available at: http://www.peckhamia.com/salticidae/Subfamilies/ and http://www.peckhamia respectively. 2 Documentation for new taxa, synonym and nomenclatorical corrections in the text below, could be found instantly by electronic SEARCH facility of your computer Ecologica Montenegrina 16: 130-179 (2018) This journal is available online at: www.biotaxa.org/em


Introduction
Comparison of list of species of Salticidae recognized in two synthesizing works: "Monograph of Salticidae (Araneae) of the World 1995-2016.Part I: Introduction to alternative classification of Salticidae" by Prószyński 2016a (see at http://www.peckhamia.com/salticidae/Subfamilies/, also abbreviated in Prószyński 2017b) and in the World Spider Catalog (ver.18.5, accessed December 28, 2017 at http://www.wsc.nmbe.ch/)discloses shockingly different picture of knowledge of taxonomy of these spiders.While Prószyński lists 4800 recognizable salticid species (divided into 573 genera), the WSC accepts as much as 6044 species (divided into 632 genera), resulting not only from different interpretations but, first of all, from insufficient knowledge.It is not important which of these figures (actually changing with each new taxonomic paper published) is a little bit closer to real number of Salticidae living on our Planet, the sad truth is that we cannot recognize majority of species once described, and cannot explain for which reasons many of them are classified into their present genera, or groups of genera.Arachnologists cannot even agree how to start improving the situation.
The present paper try to take stock of diagnostic data available in the literature for several exemplary genera, in hope to prepare a sort of blueprint for future taxonomic revisions based on specimens.Authors of methodically satisfactory new revisions are in practice limited by incomplete number of species at their disposal.Compilers of data already published are able to summarize all previous taxonomic experience, but are limited by incompatibility of data accrued by predecessors.The present paper purports to bridge previous knowledge with research capabilities of future students.
Genera discussed below have various importance for taxonomy of Salticidae.Evarcha Simon, 1889 s. l. is one of largest genera and occurs on four continents, but is so diversified that finding characters mutual to all species is almost impossible.That situation calls for subdivision of the genus, which is actually proposed here by separation of four new genera derived from Evarcha s. l.Nigorella Wesolowska & Tomasiewicz, 2008 is a relative of Evarcha, establishing morphological limits separating them may help to understand their distribution and evolution.Three genera: Stagetillus Simon, 1885, Padillothorax Simon, 1901 (here reinstated) and newly described Padillothorus gen.n. are at the moment represented by single species each, constituting example of throwing out meagre information by unwise application of nomenclatorical rules.Genus Emertonius Peckham & Peckham, 1892 illustrates influence of personal emotions on development of taxonomy.Paper contains description of a few new species and some corrections in classification.

Methodological postulates
The traditional way of documenting species by descriptions with words and by routine measurements is particularly ineffective.To increase effectiveness of study of thousands of species of Salticidae more effective methods should be worked out, and new style of taxonomic publications devised, better serving declared purposes.The present paper tests new, faster procedures of recognition, and new style of publications permitting faster digesting of accumulated data, according to "pragmatic classification" originally proposed by Prószyński (2017b: 6-9).Experienced arachnologists recognize species by memorizing habitus appearances of particular species, using description only for checking presence of some useful characters.The process of describing taxa and subsequent recognizing them could be easier and faster by following natural process of learning/recognizing, supported by usage of modern facilities.This paper tries to test new approaches.
Recognition begins from memorizing general appearance of a species, not by tedious summing up partial information on dozens of separate characters (like colors of various parts of body, distribution of color spots or a number of spines on 20 segments of legs).So the lengthy description could be replaced by color photographs3 * of 3-4 key aspects of spider body appearance.Body proportions are not reconstructed from 30 measurements and several indices, but memorized by a single look at a photograph.Important parameter may be only total body length, but in majority of Salticidae it is pretty uniform, between 4 and 8 mm, rarely bigger or smaller, in addition size of body and its parts of a species may vary within broad limits, in some species even up to 50%.
General appearance is good for recognition of individual species, less reliable for genera (Figs 2 and 3), but are entirely unreliable for recognition of "similar species" in various genera and in collections from distant geographic areas.The initial part of identification requires characters mutual for a number of species, or genera, and permitting to place genera at a glance.Selection of useful characters require preliminary test on their stability (or degree of variability) within a taxon (Figs 19,26), the applicability of characters for separation of taxa (species within a genus, and genera within a group of genera) should be known.In practice, the best characters for Salticidae appear to be: 1) palps for placement of species in a genus, or group of genera, 2) spermathecae with ducts for placement of species within particular genera (but not applicable for identification of unrelated genera, where that character may be misleading), 3) habitus, as well as external view of epigyne, usually permit to distinguish species within a genus, but are unreliable for genera (Fig. 1).These characters are most useful when displayed in comparative plates, containing all members of identified group (all species of a genus, all genera of particular group of genera (=subfamilies)) (Figs 6,7,19 and 22).In many genera identification of species require simultaneous examination of both sexes, matching of sexes is reliable only when collected, or tested, during sexual activities, or in situation indicating possible sexual relations, matching of specimens without such premises is risky.Color pattern should be documented on live or relatively fresh specimens.Describing specimens discolored by long preservation (longer than a few years) is unfortunately prevailing4 * in taxonomy of Salticidae.
Identification become complete when species are classified into practicable genera and supergeneric taxa (groups of genera = subfamilies etc.), however classificatory procedures become so complicated and chaotic nowadays, that "pragmatic classification" proposes creation of new units -groups of genera, on strictly morphological basis and with purpose limited to assisting in identification, evading incertitude of phylogenetic system.To underline break off with traditional names, the names of new units are written in capital letters (e.g.EVARCHINES).Grouping together similar and gradually varying forms may suggest some phylogenetic relations, useful but side effect of this procedure.

Material and Methods
Material constituting basis of interpretations and conclusions on every species and genus in this paper is summary of world's literature provided by "Monograph of Salticidae (Araneae) of the World 1995-2016" Prószyński (2016a, b) and current literature.
Graphic diagnostic data of particular species, especially palps, internal structures of epigyne and habitus, accepted as sufficiently reliable, are charted on plates permitting their direct comparison (see examples -Figs 1-10).Results are accepted as positive for identification and classification for particular taxon of particular rank, whenever are arrangeable into "chain of morphological similarities".Descriptions and definitions merely in words are considered as accessory and of secondary importance, because translation of pictures into words is usually imprecise.Words are merely accessory to drawings, whenever descriptions may be utilizable for particular problems, they may be best quoted in a form of facsimiles 27).Taxonomic decisions not documented by diagnostic drawings/photos are considered incomplete opinions.
Whenever data in the literature are incomplete or missing, the above procedures may be, of necessity followed partially.
This paper is written in close working contact with the World Spider Catalog, departures from it and eventual dissents are clearly marked.

EVARCHINES
Type genus and species: Evarcha falcata Simon, 1902.Remarks.Informal group of genera EVARCHINES, is delimited by Prószyński (2017b) to separate genera morphologically coherent, previously placed in much larger, composite group Hylleae Simon (1901Simon ( -1903) ) (quoted subsequently as subfamily Hyllinae by Petrunkevitch (1928: 196), whose contents was listed by Bonnet (1958: 5052-5053) and Roewer (1954Roewer ( [1955]]), recently generalized as subtribe Plexippina by Maddison (2015).The group EVARCHINES is characterized by structure of palps and internal structure of epigyne, as well as by external view of epigyne and, to some extent, by habitus (see Figs 1-4).These features place group EVARCHINES within supergroup HYLLOIDA in the Pragmatic Classification System of Prószyński (2017b).Representative component of EVARCHINES was genus Evarcha s. l., containing 82 recognizable but diverse species, for which no mutual, workable diagnostic character could be found.Diagnosis.The definition of the group on broad, comparative background is given in Prószyński (2017b: 51, f. 23, 27), characters of exemplary genera are shown in this paper on Figs 1-4.Description.Group EVARCHINES is recognizable by general external appearance (Figs 2-4), easily memorized by experienced Arachnologists, but difficult to describe5 *.Palps with bulbus oval or round, embolus parallel to broad bulbus, or encircling it, in some species only anterior part of embolus is visible, in still others it is short and located apically (Fig. 1), but in Nigorella embolus is twisted corkscrew like and arises on anterior edge of bulbus .Epigyne has large membranous "window", through which transluce sclerotized spermathecae of different shape; there is always a pair of pockets posteriorly or laterally, visible externally or hidden beneath sclerotized edge of epigyne.Genus Evalba gen.n. (type species Evarcha albaria and related -see see Figs 1R-V, 9) stands out by shape of palp, tibial apophysis and epigyne.Genus Pancorius is recognizable by depressed posterior half of epigyne in females, in males by embolus arising laterally from anterior half of bulbus.Recognition of remaining smaller genera can be done by comparizing their palps and epigyne.Enclosed illustrations are integral part of description.To check diversity of diagnostic characters in ALL recognizable species of this group of genera -see file http://www.peckhamia.com/salticidae/Evarchinae_clas.html.
Placement in EVARCHINES can be established by quick glance at palp and epigyne (Prószyński 2017b: f. 2, 23-24).Arachnologists having no access to microscope can follow procedure described by Simon (1901Simon ( -1903: 688-709) : 688-709) according to which genus Evarcha s. l. (placed by him in the group of genera Hylleae), is recognizable by following sequence of characters: single tooth on retrolateral cheliceral marginnon ant-like shape of body -combinations of spines on legs -shape of eyefield and carapace -the final character referred to large bulbus of male pedipalp (see Fig. 1A).
Composition.The group EVARCHINES consists of following genera: Baryphas Simon, 1902 (6 species) 1995-2016" Prószyński (2016a, b) , b) and current literature, in particular excellent paper by Marusik & Logunov (1997[1998]).Description.Genera derived from Evarcha s. l. are recognizable by external appearance, documented by color photographs.Palps have big bulbus, oval but sometimes almost round, entirely covered by tegulum, in some species flat or gently convex, in other with prominent protuberance.Embolus usually long and thin, parallel to broad bulbus, but in some species encircling bulbus, in other located apically and short.
Spermophor running along edge of tegulum, seen as not sharp due to partial opacity of tegulum.Epigyne with membranous "window", through which transluce sclerotized spermathecae of different shape; there is always a pair of pockets posteriorly, medially or laterally, the latter sometimes moved anterior-wards, up to half length of epigyne.Genus Evalba (Fig. 1R-V, 9) stands out.
Composition.Type genus Evarcha Simon, 1889 s.s., other genera: Evacin gen.n., Evalba gen.n., Evaneg gen.n., Evawes gen.n.Description.Male: bulbus ovoid, broad (at least anteriorly), with high posterior protuberance (Fig. 5A1), embolus relatively broad, emerging anterolaterally (exact point of arising unknown), tibial apophysis long and anteriorly truncated (Fig. 5E1).Female: epigyne with large, membranous "window", pockets lateral, moved anterior wards (Fig. 5A2) at about one third of length of epigyne, spermatheca consists of short, broad loop with strongly sclerotized walls (Fig. 5A3).H) with a sclerotized septum entering membranous "window" for about half of length of the latter and ending with circular rims of otherwise invisible copulatory openings.Spermathecae in a form of several coils stretching along the whole "window" and ending far ahead of its anterior rim, coils may be long and thin, or broad and strongly sclerotized (Figs 6C, D1, E1).

Composition (diagnostic documentation indicated in brackets
Remarks.Nomenclature of Evacin species is particularly entangled.Males of these species have very similar palps, differing by minute details of tibial apophysis shape (Figs 6, 7) of uncertain diagnostic value.Epigyne are also similar, differing in length of narrow posterior sclerotized band and in width of sclerotized septum separating copulatory openings in the posterior half of epigyne, these were interpreted as intraspecific variation, until discovery of tremendous differences in spermathecae (Figs 6C, F, less striking in 6D-E), the experience nullifying earlier interpretations.The problem is that these species are known from single, or a few species only, epigyne of 6 more forms were not cleared and documented.Habitus of these species is not documented by color pictures, with exception of three species, whose identification by genitalic structures is not confirmed.Geographic origin of identified species was not taken into account during identification, specimens studied by various authors came from widely distributed areas, including northern and southern China, Japan, Vietnam, Bintang Island, Singapore, Borneo, Java, Lombok, Palau, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Seychelles and Africa.

Remarks
Etymology.Specific name based on collecting locality Bukit Tamanggong Besar, word "besar" means "great" in Bahasa Malaya language.
Remarks.The description of this species is a test of defining species based on extensive photo documentation of diagnostic characters, different from ALL relevant species heretofore described (Figs 8A-H.).Preliminary identification of the species and arrangement of characters on the plate by P. Koomen.
Remarks.Composite species pending revision of type specimens of constituting it forms.Described originally as Maevia flavocincta C. L. Koch, 1846: 74 (with page priority) (Fig. 3G) together with Maevia capistrata C. L. Koch, 1846: 76, both from Bintang Is., considered synonyms since Simon (1864: 324) without any convincing documentation, listed under either name in combination with genus names Cyrtonota, and Viciria, until placed in Evarcha by Zabka (1985: 224) who has synonymized it with Hasarius simonis Thorell, 1892, Evarcha kochi Simon, 1902, Evarcha heteropogon Simon, 1903and Hyllus fisheri Bösenberg & Strand, 1906, a move which helped delimitation of these forms as related, but whose conspecificity should be confirmed now by revision using modern methods, especially color photographs on both type specimens and new specimens collected at their terrae typicae.Type specimens of both Maevia flavocincta and Maevia capistrata were located in the Berlin Museum by Prószyński (1971: 483) preserved as dry, their epigyne were not studied to prevent damage of specimens.
Remarks. Figure 9 presents comparison of diagnostic drawings of known species, but it is not certain whether some of these are not just variants, misidentified due to different drawing techniques of authors.The only certain species seems to be E. albaria, which has also relatively good drawing of epigyne and spermathecae (Fig. 1R-S, 9).Confirmation of good species status of remaining forms depends from further research, at least on epigyne and spermathecae diversity.Three specie are tentatively moved out to the genus Nigorella: Evarcha hunanensis (Fig. 18C) and E. orientalis from China and E. petrae from Thailandia -male of the latter differing by tibial apophysis stretched diagonally, forked at the tip, and by embolus area complicated by a sort of plate under embolus (Fig. 18J), it presumably should be moved to a new, own genus.
Composition (diagnostic documentation indicated in brackets).Evalba albaria (L.Koch, 1878), comb.n., (Fig. 3M, 9A), Evalba coreana (Seo, 1988), comb.n., (Fig. 9D), Evalba fasciata (Seo, 1988)  bulbus flat or slightly convex, round or broad oval, without protuberances.Embolus emerging from anterior retrolateral quarter of bulbus (exact point of origin from bulbus unknown), follows anterior edge of bulbus, tightly pressed to it, and ending as broad, complicated plate in the middle of width of bulbus, often terminally bent anterior wards (Fig. 1I-J).Tibial apophysis very short, stretching perpendicularly to tibia and ending with sharp, sclerotized edge.Female: epigyne with large "window", anteriorly without sclerotized rim, pocket lateral, in some species moved far anteriorly (Fig. 1K), spermathecae consist of several round, strongly sclerotized chambers, ducts soft, as broad as spermathecae, running from spermathecae straight posteriorly, towards posterior rim of epigyne (Fig. 1L) Color pattern shown on Fig. 3A-D, 4A-M.Remark.Denis 1947: 78, pl. 5, f. 14-16 described a composite species Neaetha aegyptiaca, now discovered to consist of one female6 * (from Sitra) hereby described as Evaneg aegiptiaca Prószynski, 2017 sp.n. with designated holotype of that species (Fig. 10L-M), and a male (holotype of the original species, from Siwa) here reclassified as Hyllus aegiptiacus (Denis, 1947) comb.n. (Fig. 10N), the transfer being based on palp similarity with Hyllus semicupreus (Fig. 10O).Original description of both female and male, now separated into two different genera, is provided as facsimiles below (Fig. 11).There are no hints, in the original description by Denis, about possible identity of the third specimen -a female from Gara.Map of distribution of these three specimen is shown in Fig. 11, long distance between their collecting localities should warn Denis that their conspecificity was highly doubtful.

Evaneg praeclara (Prószyński & Wesolowska in Prószyński, 2003) -pending correction of identification
New Description.Male: bulbus oval, narrower than in Evarcha s. s. and extended posteriorly by a horizontal, robust protuberance, embolus arising laterally, equal to half length of bulbus, running parallel to bulbus (Fig. 1E), length of tibial apophysis equal to about one third of bulbus (Fig. 1F).Female: "window" of epigyne large, transversally oval, there is a pair of posterior pockets, close each other, located near middle of width of epigyne (Fig. 1G).Spermatheca strongly sclerotized, in a form of compact body with internal chambers (Figs 13), sometimes resembling broad questioning mark (Fig. 13B), ducts posterior, shaped like semi arch, with broad walls but less sclerotized.Various views of color pattern of the same specimen are shown on Figs.2P-W.

Revival of the genus Emertonius Peckham & Peckham, 1892
Emertonius is a valid genus (see below), closely related to Myrmarachne MacLeay, 1839, but strikingly differing from it by body shape, color pattern and internal structure of epigyne (see original documentation of E. exasperans by Peckhams (Figs 21A)).Wanless (1978b) has hesitantly transferred it to Myrmarachne (Figs 21B,compare with 19B), but revision by Prószyński & Deeleman (2010) (Figs 19C, proven that he was mistaken.That correction was emotionally dismissed by Edwards (2013: 4) (see facsimile of his text at Fig. 20 and comments) who, continuing 20 years old dispute, failed to provide any documentation, in favor to his opinion, but dismissal was endorsed, by the WSC.The list of proceedings is quoted in the WSC (version 18.5): Prószyński repeated revival of Emertonius in two publication (2016: 4 and 2017b: 100) and in two letters with included documentation (the same as shown on Fig. 19) but Editors responded by twice rejecting it (also both letters).So the present publication constitute the fifth attempt to correct initial mistake of Wanless.To avoid necessity of the sixth intervention I include facsimile of the original publication by Edwards, showing quality of his argumentation.The above argumentation deserves some comments.Note significant peculiarities: 1 -"...minor carapace structural differences" and "...color pattern..." -compare Figs 19A-B -are they "minor"? 2 -"Myrmarachne" shelfordi [=Emertonius shelfordi] is really congeneric with Emertonius exasperans, but IS NOT a Myrmarachne (which is already documented and discussed in several papers), 3 -palps of "Palawan specimen" (Figs 21Q-R1) are similar not only to "male of exasperans from Java" (actually such male was never described and remains unknown, lectotype designated by Wanless is female!) but to ALL known genera of MYRMARACHINES (which include 180 species), the discussed male from Palawan is described below as "Emertonius" palavanensis sp.n., temporarily in Emertonius, pending further generic revision, 4 -absence of genitalic evidence -if one disregards spermathecae!5 -no comments!Spermathecae are particularly useful as diagnostic characters in Myrmarachne and related genera, because of their diversified appearance, strikingly differing among genera (Figs 19,22) but retaining the same basic plan, which indicates relationship, simultaneously are rather stable within a species (see Fig. 26).The internal structure of epigyne was misunderstood until Prószyński described transparent, membranous ducts (1992b: 187, f .90-92, see also Figs 22F, L) the full description of them was finally given in 2003 (see facsimile -Fig.23 below).Somewhat different view was given by Maddison in 2015 (see Facsimile on Fig.

24, below).
Myrmarachne was extensively studied by Wanless, whose magnificent work on Ethiopian species of that genus (1978a) is one of the best taxonomic revisions in the literature, he was less experienced in Oriental Myrmarachne, as he himself stated in his paper on Emertonius.An exception in his perfect documentation is examination of internal structure of epigyne, due to unfortunate property of his drawing apparatus -in examination of microscopic slides under medium power of compound microscope -the picture projected on paper was very small and imprecise, and object observed directly was unclear (see remark at "Neaetha" aegiptiaca = Evaneg aegiptiaca, above).At his time that weakness did not appeared very important, but become crucial from 2003 on, when taxonomic importance of spermathecae and ducts become understood (see facsimile -Fig.23).

Gen. Emertonius Peckham & Peckham, 1892
Figures 19A, C Definition.Emertonius is a characteristic genus, related to Myrmarachne but differing strikingly by body shape and color pattern, (documented on Figs 19A), in type species not ant-like, in other species ant-likeness is not apparent (compare with type species of Myrmarachne Fig. 19B).The most important difference is internal structure of epigyne, in Emertonius and a few "lesser" genera, sclerotized spermatheca consist of spherical chamber atop of narrow, petiole like part (Fig. 19D-H, 22G-L), while in 104 species of Myrmarachne the spermathecae have characteristic form of two parallel, sclerotized "pipe-like" structures, running medially along the whole length of epigyne, with striking detour in anterior third of the "pipe " in a form of a loop, entangled knot, or double spiral (sample of rich variety of these is shown on Figs 19J-O Figure 23.Facsimile of description of structure of epigyne, spermathecae and membranous copulatory ducts in informal group of genera MYRMARACHNINES.Attention: "vaginal roof" mentioned above is known now as "pocket", spermathecae are compared to parallel "pipes", sclerotized and running medially along the whole length of epigyne (see Prószyński 2016c: 5).Note strange tegument structure anteriorly to epigynal "window" Fig. 22J).SOURCE (Edmunds & Prószyński (2003).Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society 12: 297-32, by courtesy Note difference in terminology, the "loops of copulatory ducts" mean apparently spermathecal detour twisted into coil, or coils, as well as proximal part of "pipes" beginning near posterior end of epigyne, name "spermatheca" is applied here only to distal part of "pipes", emerging anteriorly from coiled detour of "pipes".Sclerotized structure of "pipes" is uniform along their whole length, with continuous diameter and thickness of their walls.These are strikingly different from the true copulatory ducts (Figs 22 -dotted), membranous and transparent, not mentioned by Maddison, probably because they are visible only on well cleared epigyne, stained with Chlorazol Black E and examined under medium power of a compound microscope.Different shape of spermathecae of lesser genera (Fig. 22F-L), diagnostically important, are also not mentioned by Maddison.  .Male is known from photographs of live specimen from Bali, but palp remains unknown.Chelicerae of male disproportionately big, dorsally flat (Fig. 19A), in females short, pluridentate.Note on exclusion of "male from Philippines ".Opinion of Wanless (1978: 235, f .1A-F, not f.2) on "Myrmarachne" "exasperans": -"male from Philippines , believed to be conspecific with Emertonius exasperans" is insufficiently documented and wrong: it does not display body shape and color pattern of that species, also differs by striking abdominal fringe Diagnosis.Key characters are shown on Fig. 26A-H, habitus very closely resembling E. emertonius, but is sufficiently distinct.Male unknown.Description.Strikingly similar to male of E. exasperans by body shape and general type of color pattern, from which differs sufficiently by absence of yellow narrow medial streak along eyefield and thorax, replaced on posterior half of eyefield by triangular spot of white setae (which could possibly be invisible on specimens submerged in alcohol).Cephalic part looks square and is broader than thorax, its of blackish brown color is expanded also over the sides, Medial belt of thorax is brownish yellow with reddish hue.Abdomen dorsally with two (instead of three) white "petals-like" spots, medial belt of abdomen blackish with brown hue, terminal whitish yellow area shorter than in E. exasperans.Epigyne (Fig. 22G-H Remarks.Identification of specimens listed above is uncertain, there are distinct differences in photos and drawings of epigyne enclosed (see Figs 26B-S).The material described in paper of Yamasaki & Ahmad, came from distantly spaced islands and there are no information which specimens, and from where, are illustrated, the characteristics of epigyne as "Copulatory atria containing openings round" -which fits hundred of species of MYRMARACHNINES is insufficient.The whole description does not permit to define species.Therefore the only sure identification is that of type specimens from Genting Highlands (Figs 21K-P), all remaining could be considered Emertonius cf.malayanus at best.Similarity of epigyne is not supported by difference in sloping thorax, distinctly lower than cephalic part, with a developed hump.Also abdomen is shorter and higher, with indistinct small anterior sclerite.Body color of fresh male and female is black (Fig. 26K-L, P-Q) with higher cephalic part, sloping thorax with a small hump on the slope.It differs from females, also black when live, but with high thoracal hump, separated from eyefield by distinct clevage accented by spot of white setae at its bottom, extended by delicate white line vertically on lateral surface.Variation of shape of epigyne and spermathecae is shown on   "Emertonius" palawanensis sp.n.
Remarks.Specimen mismatched7 * by Wanless (1978: 236, 238, f. 1, not f.2) as a male supposed to match female lectotype of Myrmarachne exasperans (= Emertonius exasperans) from Java, is described here as a new species to straighten records and to attract attention of the next revident to study it.It certainly does not belong to Myrmarachne, but placement in the genus Emertonius is only provisional, due to insufficient documentation.Finding its real placement seems to be not possible without examination of its true matching female.
Diagnosis.Key characters are shown on original drawings by Wanless (Fig. 21Q-R), there are no comparable species known.Description.See facsimile below.Differs from both Emertonius and Myrmarachne by body shape (Fig. 21Q), in particular by fringe across abdomen in about one fourth of its length, delimiting anterior surface, which in many Myrmarachne may be covered by separate sclerite.Palps, as drawn by Wanless, are not characteristic (Fig. 21R), chelicerae elongate with a row of separate teeth along its whole edge (Fig. 21R1).

Genera Padillothorus, Padillothorax and Stagetillus
Remark.Simon (1901Simon ( -1903: 460) : 460) included poorly known genera Padillothorax Simon, 1901 andStagetillus Simon, 1885 to a group of genera Bavieae, characterized by long, thin and pointed abdomen, somewhat broader carapace (Fig. 28) and multiple, small teeth on retrolateral margin of chelicerae.Prószyński (1984Prószyński ( : 95, 1987: 103-105: 103-105) revised genitalic characters of three species of these genera and discovered that epigyne of Padillothorus elegans Reimoser, 1927 is incompatible with type species of that genus -P.semiostrinus Simon, 1901 (compare Figs 28D with 28K-L), so these species are not congeneric.Separation of a species from its type species is unacceptable in the light of International Code of Zoological Nomenclature and Editor of the previous version of the Spider Catalog -Dr.N. I. Platnickarbitrarily moved P. elegans also to Stagetillus, obliterating its specific properties.In this way, accordance with nomenclatorical rules was restituted, for the price of discordance with result of research, and a common sense (see also "imposed impractical nomenclatorical rules" -in Prószyński 2017b: 10).That created, however, a danger of overlooking by the future revident essential differences between "Stagetilus" species "elegans" and "opaciceps".Usual all species of a genus are assumed to resemble their type species, in this case "opaciceps", so why to check whether one "recently" revised species is not standing out?We have lost now illusions that classification of Salticidae could be stabilized within mere 60 years of research, present day research discontinuity may last decades, so we should bequest future Salticidologists with as neat knowledge as possible.
The problem is that no new data were added after 1987 revision of these spiders by Prószyński, to place "elegans" correctly then, and now.To convey sense of diversity of these genera we have no other choice left as to delimit new genus for "elegans" now, in spite of grossly incomplete data.Therefore it is proposed now to: a) reinstate genus Padillothorax from synonymy with Stagetillus, with two species P. semiostrinus Simon, 1901 andP. taprobanicus Simon, 1902, b)     Composition.Single species Padillothorus elegans (Reimoser, 1927).
Remarks.There are nothing new to add to the descriptions of both species -P.semiostrinus and P. taprobanicus (see facsimiles -Figs 31 and 31).Revival of the genus is forced to preserve information on its unique properties in view of forty years lull in research, interference of the WSC Editors into interpretation of results of research is unwarranted.
Stagetillus semiostrinus Prószyński, 2017b: 129, f .56L (f).Description.Identifiable by unusual membranous copulatory ducts, large and very broad, semi arching in anterior half of epigyne (Fig. 28L), followed by much thinner straight portion running anterior-wards, ending by small spermathecae at the anterior end of epigyne.Epigyne externally broad oval, with small posterior medial pocket (Fig. 28F).Embolus lateral to anterior half of bulbus, relatively thick (Fig. 28H).Unusual protuberance with black, short setae in front of spinnerets, ventrally on female abdomen (Fig. 28J).Genital characters mentioned above and illustrated on Figs 28K-L.Body shape (Fig. 28F) resembles genera included by Simon (1901-03) into Bavieae group, but that is not confirmed by other characters.Broad and large membranous ducts occur also in genera Mogrus and Philaeus, but differently shaped, and their palps are entirely different.Distribution.Malaysia: Malay Peninsula.Remarks.Padillothorax taprobanicus was never revised and original description by Simon is not sufficient for its identification, but since its specimens are kept in three NH Museums (Prószyński J. 1971b) there is a chance of future revision.Until that, there is no reason to change the original placement.Distribution.Sri Lanka.Remarks.Genus placed by Simon (1901Simon ( -1903: 460) : 460) in the Bavieae grup of genera, characterized by long, thin body with somewhat broader carapace (Figs 28A) and multiple, small teeth on retrolateral margin of chelicerae, this classification seem to be confirmed by palp structure (Figs 28C) resembling somewhat type species of Bavia.But results of preliminary studies are not sufficient for synonymy of these genera.

Material
Diagnosis and description -see type species below.F. & J. Murphy described color pattern and a photo (Fig. 25I) of supposedly this species, taken at Genting, Peninsular Malaysia, however identification of this specimen is not confirmed by palp documentation, body length is given as 7 mm.
Composition and distribution: only single species Stagetillus opaciceps Simon, 1885, described from Bojo Is., West off Sumatra.
Stagetillus opaciceps Prószyński, 2017b: 26, f. 11T (m).A few more corrections to the WSC Looking at list of species from my papers of 2016 and 2017 reported in the WSC I have found 13 misleading interventions by the Editors, which I consider unacceptable.That is not much, on the background of several hundreds of species listed correctly, and a few other corrections which I am not contesting.None the less I express my reservations below.The purpose of "pragmatic classification" is to help in identifications of genera and to explain presumable relationships between biological entities, such as species and genera.If some of my nomenclatorical solutions do not agree with bureaucratic naming regulations, cultivated by the WSC, they can be re-worded or differently formulated, but their biological meaning cannot be discarded for nomenclatorical interpretations only.
A. Interventions concerning species in the paper Prószyński (2017a).

Figure 1 -
Figure 1-I.For figure caption see under Figure 1-II.

Figure 2 -
Figure 2-I.For figure caption see under Figure 2-II.

Figure 5 -
Figure 5-I.For figure captions see under Figure 5-II.
Figure 6-I.For figure caption see under Figure 6-II.

.
Known to me only from drawings of epigyne made by Peckhams and de Lessert (Figs 7S-S1), clearly similar to other species of Evacin and having nothing in common with species of Viciria.Distribution.S African Rep.: Natal, Zimbabwe: Mashonaland.Therefore: Viciria alba Peckham & Peckham, 1903 = Evacin alba (Peckham, Peckham 1903) comb.n. (reclassification necessary because of structure of epigyne).

Figure 8 .
Figure 8. Diagnostic characters of Evacin besar sp.n.A -general appearance of fresh specimen, B-C -appearance of specimen discolored due to long preservation in ethyl alcohol, D -frontal view, E-G -palpal tarsus and tibia -dorsal, lateral and ventral view, H -cheliceral dentition.SOURCES: ©Photo P. Koomen.By courtesy.
Type species.Evarcha albaria (L.Koch, 1878) Etymology.Name is created as arbitrary combination of letters coined of words Ev-[archa] indicating relation to Evarcha, and alba-[ria].Assumed grammar gender feminine.Documentation studied.Summary of world's literature provided by"Monograph of Salticidae (Araneae) of the World 1995-2016" Prószyński (2016a, b) and current literature.Diagnosis.Key characters are shown on Fig. 1R-V, on comparative background of remaining four genera shown on Figs 1A-Q.Description.Spider resembling Evarcha s. s. by body shape (Fig.3M-N), but with different genital organs.Bulbus irregularly oval, posteriorly with narrowing horizontal protuberance, anteriorly with prominent tegular apophysis near embolus, fleshy and more, or less, triangular (Fig.1R, 9).Tibial apophysis triple branched in the type species, stretching more or less horizontally, with sclerotized teeth along edges (Figs 1R- Figure 9-I.For figure caption see under Figure 9-II.

Figure 10 -
Figure 10-I.For figure caption see under Figure 10-II.

Figure 13 -
Figure 13-I.For figure caption see under Figure 13-II.

Type species :
Nigorella aethiopicaWesolowska & Tomasiewicz, 2008   Remarks.Several species of Evarcha s. l. described from China resembles African genus NigorellaWesolowska & Tomasiewicz, 2008  by appearance of embolus and anterior half of bulbus (Fig.16C, compare with 16B), however differs by posterior end of bulbus, which is not rounded but drawn into prominent, horizontal protuberance.So there is a possibility that similarity of embolus shape and position could prevail over shape of bulbus (which would allow to merge these species into genus Nigorella), or its alternative -description as one more new genus resembling Evarcha s. l.However, description of a new genus would require more data, not yet available, and it may be left for future students of these spiders in China.The taxonomic decision in this matter must be delayed because of difficulty in precise documentation of structure of embolus.Under higher power of dissecting microscope (magnification about 200x) embolus of Nigorella resembles sclerotized, semitransparent, elongate plate, loose corkscrew-like (Figs 16B-C, 17G-G1, J), with stronger sclerotized, dark edges.However, under lower power only sclerotized dark edges are visible, looking as separate, angularly bent needles (Figs16A, 17H-I, and other).Emboli of all species shown on Figs 16-18 should be therefore revised to clarify their fine structure.Diagnosis.Key characters are shown on Figs 16, 17G-N, 18. Description.Recognizable by embolus located atop anterior edge of bulbus, resembling elongated, semitransparent plate with sclerotized dark edges, twisted loosely corkscrew-like (Fig. 17G-G1), which under low power of microscope may appear like a pair of separate, bent needles (Fig. 17H, M).Bulbus in African species is round like in genus Evaneg nigricans (Fig. 10J compare 17G), in Chinese species is extended posteriorly by huge, horizontal protuberance like in Evawes patagiata (Figs 13A compare 18A-C).Epigyne resembles various Evarcha s. l. species (Fig.17 Figure 16-I.For figure caption see under Figure 16-II.

Figure 21 -
Figure 21-I.For figure caption see under Figure 21-II.

Figure 22 -
Figure 22-I.For figure caption see under Figure 22-II.

Figure 24 .
Figure 24.Facsimile of concise description of diagnostic characters of tribe Myrmarachnini (actually based on genus Myrmarachne) was published by Maddison (2015 -Journal of Arachnology 43(3): 231-292 -).Note difference in terminology, the "loops of copulatory ducts" mean apparently spermathecal detour twisted into coil, or coils, as well as proximal part of "pipes" beginning near posterior end of epigyne, name "spermatheca" is applied here only to distal part of "pipes", emerging anteriorly from coiled detour of "pipes".Sclerotized structure of "pipes" is uniform along their whole length, with continuous diameter and thickness of their walls.These are strikingly different from the true copulatory ducts (Figs 22 -dotted), membranous and transparent, not mentioned by Maddison, probably because they are visible only on well cleared epigyne, stained with Chlorazol Black E and examined under medium power of a compound microscope.Different shape of spermathecae of lesser genera (Fig.22F-L), diagnostically important, are also not mentioned byMaddison.

Figure 26 -
Figure 26-I.For figure caption see under Figure 26-II.

Figure 27 .
Figure27.Facsimile of the original description of male of "Myrmarachne" "exasperans" byWanless (1978: 235-238) misidentified, reclassified here as "Emertonius" palawanensis sp.n.Wanless figures 1A, F of male are reproduced here as Figs 21Q-R1, figures 2A, E representing mismatched female lectotype of Emertonius exasperans, from Java, are copied here as Figs 21B.Placement of male as "Emertonius" is tentative, pending further research on finding genus to which it should be ultimately transferred.
to describe a new genus Padillothorus (note two letter difference from Padillothorax) for Padillothorax elegans (Reimoser, 1927), c) to leave genus Stagetillus as monotypic, with single species S. opaciceps Simon, 1885.All in hope that future research will bring new species into each of these genera.

Figure 18 -
Figure 18-I.For figure caption see under Figure 28-II.

Material.
Holotype female "Padillothorax elegans: Sumatra , Pakor [Pk.Kotabaru] Jacobson" Coll.Reimoser, NH Museum, Wien.(drawing by Prószyński 1984c: 95).Diagnosis.Key characters are shown on Fig. 28D-E, comparison with similar genera are shown on Figs 28A-C and F-L.Description.See facsimile of the original description of Padillithorax elegans below (Fig.30).Female.Body elongate and narrow, with carapace oval, abdomen strikingly narrow and long.Epigyne without distinct sclerotized edge, oval, elongate along longitudinal axis of body, with a pair of anterior shallow grooves and a large posterior median pocket (Fig.28D-E), does not resemble any species of Bavia.No preparation was made of epigyne (to avoid damage to the sole known specimen) internal structures are visible indistinctly, as translucent spots.There are shadows of ducts running laterally from grooves to posterior, globular spermathecaea, a pair of median dark spots with fragments of short ducts (?) and a pair of short, diagonal lines.Male unknown, which makes classification to any group of genera impossible.Distribution.Indonesia -Sumatra.

Figure 30 .
Figure 30.Facsimile of the original description of Padillothorax elegans by Reimoser (1927: 2, f. 2) (Note modern documentation of epigyne, resembling some publications of the last two decades).

Genera derived from Evarcha Simon, 1889, sensu lato. Figures 1-15 Type species. Evarcha falcata Remarks.
(Prószyński 2016b)eby to divide genus Evarcha Simon, 1889 sensu lato into 5 genera: Evarcha Simon, 1889 sensu stricto, Evacin gen.n., Evalba gen.n., Evaneg gen.n., Evawes gen.n. each with easily recognizable type species, distributed in the Old World, with two immigrants in the North America and a few species in Australia and some Pacific Islands.Taxonomic problem of a broad genus lies in difficulty of finding mutual diagnostic characters permitting to define it and to separate from related genera, a task easier in smaller, more uniform genera.Incompleteness of morphological data still leaves space for further precising definitions.As a whole, these 5 genera contains together of 82 recognizable species(Prószyński 2016b), of which 34 have documentation for both sexes, 48 are known from single sex only.It is worth of noting that 58 of these species were discovered and described after 1980, out of which 35 were described after year 2000, mainly from Africa and E Asia.Documentation studied.Summary of world's literature provided by "Monograph of Salticidae (Araneae) of the World
photographs provided by Mr. Amir Weinstein demonstrate that Israeli specimens from Judean foothill and Tel Aviv area (Figs 4J1-M) cannot be conspecific with Yemeni specimens (Figs 10C-D), presumably also differ from specimens from Arava Valley.The species E. praeclara was delimited by merging "Pellenes The name is created as arbitrary combination of letters coined of words Eva-[rcha], indicating relation to Evarcha, and wes[-ołowska), honoring prominent arachnologist W. Wesołowska (99 publications), authority in Salticidae of Africa.Assumed grammar gender feminine.Documentation studied.Summary of world's literature provided by "Monograph of Salticidae (Araneae) of the World 1995-2016" Prószyński (2016a, b) and current literature.Diagnosis.Key characters are shown on Fig. 1E-H, on comparative background of remaining four genera shown on Figs 1A-D and I-V.
. Palps are useless in determination of genera of this group.Therefore the specimen is removed from Emertonius exasperans and described as a separate species "Emertonius" palawanensis sp.n.(below), the placement in genus Emertonius is tentative, pending supply of new data from future research.Distribution.Indonesia: Java and Bali islands, records from other areas are based on misidentified specimens.Material.Holotype female "Myrmarachne exasperans.Borneo: Sabah: Tenom, Rafflesia Garden at Perkasa Hotel, (966).leg.&det., coll.P. Koomen".Kept in the private collection of Dr P. Koomen in Leeuwarden, the Netherlands.Description based on photographs by ©P.Koomen (Figs26A-H).
) differs distinctly by proportions -posterior half of spermathecae very thin and long, with large structures at the junction with (invisible) membranous ducts, terminal anterior chambers of spermathecae regularly round, proportionately much smaller than in E. exasperans.Distribution: Borneo: Sarawak -only single female is known.

species not included to Emertonius.
Classification based on shape of spermathecae(Figs 19D,, supported by color pattern in male and female, consisting of blackish brown and creamy whitish areas, documented heretofore only in Emertonius exasperans and E. koomeni, the shape of thorax, however, does not resemble these species and there are no "petal-like" spots on abdomen.Fragments of original descriptionssee Fig.25J.Male chelicerae, long and flat, conform to type species.Palps shape agree with remaining genera of MYRMARACHNINES.Due to differences in internal structure of spermathecae "Myrmarachne" kilifiWanless, 1978from Kenya (Figs.21W-Z) and "Myrmarachne" laurentina Bacelar, 1953 from Mozambique and South Africa (Figs21S-V) cannot be classified into Myrmarachne.Their shape of spermathecae resemble some "lesser genera", but they are not Emertonius.Chelicerae of males are different from both Emertonius and Myrmarachne by being short and bent, teeth are concentrated on prominent anterior extension of cheliceral edges.Body has weakly developed ant-likeness, with traces of compression on carapace and abdomen, but petiole is short.Shape of palp corresponds with generalized MYRMARACHNINES, but without developed additional thin loop of spermophor, tibial apophysis is small and bent.They probably should be described as two separate new genera, but available documentation is insufficient for that.
At the same time he has interpreted palps of the latter, together with habitus appearance, as sufficiently similar to the monotypic genus Stagetillus (what ultimately appeared wrong) as to transfer P. semiostrinus to Stagetillus (compare Figs 28F-H with 28A-C).Since data of P. elegans were insufficient to reclassify it to other, or describe as a new genus, he left it temporarily in Padillothorax.