New Phrurolithus species from China ( Araneae , Phrurolithidae )

Seven new spider species of the genus Phrurolithus C. L. Koch, 1839 are reported from China: P. celatus sp. nov. (♀♂), P. lasiolepis sp. nov. (♀♂), P. longus sp. nov. (♀♂), P. subannulus sp. nov. (♀♂), P. taoyuan sp. nov. (♀ ♂), P. validus sp. nov. (♀♂) and P. subnigerus sp. nov. (♀ ♂). Morphological illustrations, photos and descriptions of all new species are presented.


Introduction
The sac spider family Phrurolithidae Banks 1892, elevated to family status by Ramírez (2014), currently consists of 207 species, 14 genera worldwide (World Spider Catalog 2016), and about 65 species in four genera have been found in China (Li & Wang 2015).They are hunting spiders living on the ground, and are usually found in leaf litter, woody debris or on the forest floor.
The genus Phrurolithus was established by C. L. Koch (1839) based on two Palaearctic species, P. festivus (C.L. Koch, 1835) and P. minimus C.L. Koch, 1839.Phrurolithus, the most species-rich genus of Phrurolithidae (World Spider Catalog 2016), is recorded from Europe, Asia and North America (Holarctic).Among all 74 species, 21 species were found in China (Table 1).Currently, the polyphyly of Phrurolithus is delimited and the taxa may have multiple ancestral origins.For example, Wang et al. (2015) mentioned three groups within Phrurolithus: the Palaearctic group, the North American group, and the East and Southeast Asia group.The American Phrurolithus species, all possess a U-shaped RTA and a proximal femoral ventral apophysis (see Dondale & Redner 1982: fig. 296) and all may belong to the genus Scotinella (Wang et al., 2015).The genus is currently in need of world-wide revision.

Research Article
Table 1.List of Phrurolithus species known from China.

Taxonomy
Diagnosis.The female of the new species is similar to P. qiqiensis (Yin et al., 2004: 272, figs 8-10) in having two similar bursae, but can be distinguished from it by: 1) fertilization ducts curved (not curved in the latter); 2) spermathecae oval (not oval in the latter).The new species is similar to P. bifidus (Yin et al., 2004: 271, figs 1-7) in having a similar RTA, but can be distinguished from it by: 1) lower location of COs (high in the latter); 2) bursae larger (small in the latter); 3) spermathecae oval (not oval in the latter); 4) embolar base with a long, thin, membranous conductor (absent in the latter).
Distribution.China (Yunnan).Diagnosis.The new species is similar to P. bifidus (Yin et al., 2004: 271, figs 1-7) in having a similar RTA, but can be distinguished from it by: 1) longer embolus (short in the latter); 2) larger COs (small in the latter); 3) thicker CD (thin in the latter).The new species is similar to P. qiqiensis (Yin et al., 2004: 272, figs 8-10), but can be distinguished from it by: 1) bursae oval relatively (kidney-shaped in the latter); 2) higher location of COs (low in the latter); 3) thicker CD (thin in the latter).
Distribution.China (Yunnan).Diagnosis.The new species is similar to P. annulus (Zhou et al., 2013: 5-6, figs 4-6) in having a similar embolus and conductor, but can be distinguished from it by: 1) bifid PTA long relatively, the thick one with several small denticles apically (smooth in the latter); 2) distance between CO and epigastric furrow bigger than the latter; 3) epigastric plate relatively longer (short in the latter).
Palp (Figs 7C-E, 8A-C).Femur with a ventral apophysis retrolaterally.Bifid PTA long relatively, the thick with several small denticles apically.RTA extending forward, with broad base and sharp tip.Embolus long and sharp, anteriorly located and extending retro-anteriorly.Conductor membranous and small, with its tip close to the end of embolus.
Palp (Figs 9C-F, 10A-C).Femur distally with an apophysis retroventrally.RTA with a wide base and a sharp tip, extending distally, DTA broad proximally, needle-like apically.Cymbium ventrally with several hairs around the embolus tip.Embolus sharp apically.Conductor membranous, with its tip close to the end of embolus.
Epigyne (Figs 9G-H, 10D-E).CO large relatively, located with a little longer distance from each other than its diameter.Thin and short CD connecting with two transparent, oval BU.Spermathecae small, posteriorly.
Epigyne (Figs 11F-G, 12D-E).COs small, located with a little longer distance from each other than opening diameter.Thin and short CD connecting with two transparent bursae, crescent shaped.Spermathecae small, located centrally.
Diagnosis.The female of the new species is similar to P. nigerus (Yin, 2012(Yin, : 1078, fig. 565, fig. 565) in having bursae, but can be distinguished from it by: 1) CO rather half-round openings (completely round openings in the latter); 2) the distance between copulatory ducts shorter (longer in the latter).The male of the new species is similar to P. festivus (C.L. Koch, 1835) (Wang et al., 2015: 463, fig. 15) in having a similar bulb, but can be distinguished from it by: 1) with two retrolateral tibial apophyses, thin (only a single thick one in the latter); 2) BU smaller (large in the latter); 3) two CO anteriorly (with only one, posteriorly in the latter).