Abbreviata abbreviata ( Rudolphi , 1819 ) as a new nematode parasite for Malpolon insignitus ( Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire , 1827 ) recorded in Albania

1 Department of Zoology, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská dolina B-1, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovakia. 2 Lendület Evolutionary Ecology Research Group, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1022 Budapest, Herman Ottó út 15, Hungary. 3 Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen Nagyerdei krt. 98, Hungary. Corresponding author: Daniel Jablonski, e-mail: daniel.jablonski@balcanica.cz

Physalopteric nematodes parasitize the gastrointestinal tract of many vertebrates including amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals (Anderson 2000).The genus Abbreviata was split from the genus Physalopteris by Travassos (1920), presently it is comprised of 47 species (Bain et al. 2014).The genus is characterized by two dentated pseudolabia with one externolateral, one internolateral and two double submedian teeth.Subgeneric classification is based on the number of uterine branches (Morgan 1946).
The genus has a worldwide distribution (Bain et al. 2014).Life cycles of Abbreviata species are poorly known, intermediate host are invertebrates (Anderson 2000).Coleopterans, othopterans and mantopterans were found to be suitable intermediate hosts by Kabilov (1980) in an experimental system; A. antarctica was shown to develop in the tropical cricket (King et al. 2013).Larval forms were also found in amphibians, reptiles and mammals (Bain et al. 2014); whether these observations represent intermediate, definitive or paratenic hosts is unknown.Some reports of unusual hosts can also be found (Von Linstow 1883), which may be pseudoparasitic occurrences when predators of definitive hosts swallow the helminths in the prey.
Nematodes in the genus Abbreviata are closely related (Anderson 2009), and more than one nematode species may occur in more than one host species.According to Morgan (1946) seventeen of that time accepted 27 species of the genus used reptiles as definitive hosts, nine used mammals, while A. ranae is found in various frogs and toads.Lizards are by far the most important hosts.Among species with reptile hosts, there are host-specific and euryxenous species (Jones 2014).
Eastern Montpellier Snake, Malpolon insignitus (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1827) ranges from northeast Morocco throughout northern Africa (including Lampedusa Island) and Middle East, Cyprus, Anatolia to southeast Europe as far as western Iran and southern Russia.Here inhabits both natural and manmade secondary places, prefers sun-exposed and warm localities in the plains and foothills (De Hann 1999).

Correspondence
It was formerly known as a subspecies of M. monspessullanus and elevated to a full species status with two subspecies, M. i. fuscus and M. i. insignitus based on molecular analyses (Carranza et al. 2006).In the Balkans, subspecies M. i. fuscus (Fleischmann, 1831) occurs.This species is an active predator, feeds on lizards, snakes, small mammals, bird and their eggs, large insects and more rarely amphibians (De Hann 1999).According to our best knowledge, genus Abbreviata has not been reported from this snake species.
Herein, we report records of A. abbreviata from two specimens of M. insignitus from Albania representing a novel host species as well as a new locality (country) for the parasite.Two fresh road-killed adult female M. insignitus were collected at 28 June and 3 July 2014 in Albania.First specimen (1100 mm TL) was found in Tomorrit Mts.(40.59845°N, 20.14207°E, datum WGS 84, 716 m a.s.l.), the second one (1200 mm TL) near Lukovë village (39.97863°N, 19.93523°E, datum WGS 84, 271 m a.s.l.).The body cavity of both specimens was opened in the field and the digestive tract was removed.The esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine and lungs were opened and separately examined for helminths by eyes.Twelve and eight specimens of nematodes visible for the naked eye were found in the small intestine of the first and the second snake, respectively.Noticeable food remains were not detected in the digestive tract.Recorded specimens of nematodes were killed and fixed in 70% ethanol.Nematodes were cleared in a drop of glycerol and identified using a compound microscope.Its identification was based on keys given by Yamaguti (1961), Sharpilo (1976) and Anderson et al. (2009).
These two observations may be interpreted as endoparasites of the snakes but possibly also as pseudoparasitic occurrences.As M. insignitus is a snake preying mostly upon lizards (De Hann 1999), helminths may originate from prey animals, implicating that the parasite is probably present in lizards (potentially Lacerta trilineata; cf.Yildirimhan et al. 2011) in the area.However, the presence of several individual helminths in both host snakes suggests that A. abbreviata may have been an endoparasite for the two snake specimens found.Speculatively, this species may be an accidental host, similarly to Crotalus FIRST RECORD OF ABBREVIATA ABBREVIATA FROM ALBANIA Ecol.Mont., 2 (3), 2015, 194-196 196 lepidus as suggested by Goldberg et al. (2002).In any case, detailed parasitological research is necessary for deeper evaluation of parasite fauna in reptiles of the Balkans and the relationships between them.