First record of Macrocheles subbadius ( Berlese ) ( Acari : Macrochelidae ) in Argentina , associated with the cactophilic fly Drosophila koepferae Fontdevila & Wasserman ( Diptera : Drosophilidae )

The mite Macrocheles subbadius (Berlese) (Acari: Macrochelidae) is recorded for the first time in Argentina, associated to the cactophilic fly Drosophila koepferae Fontdevila & Wasserman (Diptera: Drosophilidae) from San Agustín de Valle Fértil, province of San Juan.

San Agustín de Valle Fértil (30° 38' S, 67° 27' W), in San Juan, Argentina, is a small village settled in the margin of Valle Fértil river. It is located in the vicinity of the Multipurpose Reserve of Valle Fértil; an 8,000 km 2 area declared as Natural Park in 1971 to protect a large segment of xeric environments, typical of the Monte phytogeographic province, exclusive of Argentina (Arana et al., 2017). Valle Fértil's conditions are exceptional due to the moisture gradient present, making it an exciting environment to discover locally restricted floral and faunal endemism. The environment (Fig. 1A) consists of a xeric steppe with characteristic flora, including some Cactaceae: Echinopsis terscheckii buzzatii prefers and breeds primarily on the decaying cladodes of several species of the genus Opuntia and secondarily on columnar cacti of the genera Cereus and Echinopsis the reverse is true for D. koepferae (Hasson et al., 1992;Soto et al., 2012). Intensive research was previously performed in this locality, using these flies as models for testing an ecological and evolutionary hypothesis (Soto, 2012;Soto et al., 2012Soto et al., , 2018Stefanini et al., 2018). In the course of an ongoing study of the arthropod fauna associated with these cactophilic flies, several mites were collected doing phoresis.
Flies were collected by net sweeping over fermented banana baits (Markow & O'Grady, 2006, Soto et al., 2014 (Fig. 1B) and preserved in 96% ethanol. Associated mites were separated under a stereomicroscope, slide-mounted on Hoyer's medium, and identified using an M11 Wild microscope with phase contrast. Vouchers are deposited in the Arachnological Collection of the Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales, "Bernardino Rivadavia" (MACN-Ar).
Between several mite taxa belonging to the orders Trombidiformes, Sarcoptiformes, and Mesostigmata, three females (MACN-Ar 41784 to 41786) of Macrocheles subbadius (Berlese) were identified. This species belongs to the M. subbadius group proposed by Filipponi & Pegazzano (1963), based on the characteristic ornamentation of the sternal shield of the females (i.e., an arch-shaped linea obliqua anterior -l.o.a.connected by a series of more or less parallel punctate lines). Walter (1988) divided this group into two species complexes based on the size of the punctuations on the sternal shield: the subbadius complex, with coarse punctae (Fig. 2B), and the merdarius complex, in which the punctae are fine to obsolete. Into the subbadius complex of species, M. subbadius is characterized by having the Genu IV with seven setae, the sternal shield with the linea media transversa (l.m.t.) straight between st2; with l.o.a. joined by four or five transverse lines, the most posterior of which is the l.m.t (Fig. 2B); the dorsal setae of normal length and aciculate ( Fig. 2A), the seta j1 short and in the male, the presence of a distal spur on tarsus II, a sclerotized band around the genital opening, and three pairs of protuberances on the dorsal shield (Walter, 1988;Azevedo et al., 2017).
Macrocheles subbadius is associated with dung and dung-inhabiting insects and was recorded from various countries in Europe, Asia, Oceania, and America; in the latter, it was recorded in the USA, Mexico, and Brazil (Azevedo et al., 2017). This new record constitutes the first record of this species in Argentina. This mite was also found carried by many other fly species belonging to the genera Musca L., Meroplius Rondani, Drosophila, Odontoloxozus Enderlein, Phaenicia Robineau-Desvoidy, and Haematobia Le Peletier & Serville (Niogret et al., 2006). The macrochelids have been mentioned as potential biological control agents of organisms, including different cattle pest fly species  (Krantz, 1983;Azevedo et al., 2015). The presence of this species in natural environments in Argentina constitutes a valuable addition to the potential agent's species for biological control programs in the region.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We wish to acknowledge the logistic support of the Environmental Agency of San Juan province (Secretary of Environment and Sustainable Development, SAyDS) for fieldwork and the technical assistance provided by the Guards staff in the Reserve. This work was supported by a grant from the Research Committee of the British Cactus and Succulent Society and local funding from ANPCyT (PICT 2017-0220) and University of Buenos Aires grants (UBACyT 2018) granted to IMS. Finally, we are grateful to three anonymous reviewers and Dr. Matias D. Maggi (UNMDP), whose suggestions greatly improved the paper.